Post by sheen on Oct 30, 2024 4:26:03 GMT -6
(By Kevin Loria - Data visualizations by Andy Bergmann - October 25, 2023)
With the holiday season approaching, many of us will be indulging in a favorite treat: chocolate. Yet despite dark chocolate’s reputation as a healthier sweet, it can also be contaminated with lead and cadmium, two heavy metals linked to serious health problems, as many people learned from Consumer Reports’ testing last year.
Now CR has the results of our new tests on heavy metal levels in other kinds of chocolates and foods made with it.
In chocolate products, the lead and cadmium are concentrated in the cocoa/cacao, the ingredient that gives chocolate its distinctive flavor. Dark chocolate tends to have higher levels of cacao. But other chocolate products contain cacao, too, in varying quantities—from cocoa powder, which is essentially pure cocoa, to milk chocolate, which can have very little.
CR’s experts wanted to see whether other cacao-containing foods posed a risk, so we tested 48 different products in seven categories—cocoa powder, chocolate chips, milk chocolate bars & mixes for brownies, chocolate cake & hot chocolate. We also added a few more dark chocolate bars to our test. Products came from big name brands such as Hershey’s, Ghirardelli & Nestlé; national retailers like Costco, Target, Trader Joe’s, Walmart & Whole Foods; and specialty makers such as Droste & Navitas.
As expected, dark chocolates tended to have higher levels of heavy metals & milk chocolate lower. “But every product we tested had detectable amounts of lead + cadmium,” says James E. Rogers, PhD, director & acting head of product safety testing at CR. “Sixteen of the 48 products had amounts above CR’s levels of concern for at least one of the heavy metals—in some cases more than twice our limit—but we did find safer options in each category of chocolate products.”
Heavy Metals in Chocolate
Heavy metals can be found in many foods—such as arsenic in rice, mercury in some types of fish, cadmium in spinach, and lead in carrots & sweet potatoes. And you can also be exposed through drinking water or your environment (such as lead paint in your house). All these sources can add up, so it is important to be aware of different pathways that contribute to your overall heavy metal intake. Chocolate may just be one of a number of contributing factors to overall heavy metal levels, but it’s a popular treat eaten by children & adults and not an essential part of a someone’s diet. So it makes sense to try to limit the amount of heavy metals people get from chocolate.
Exposure to heavy metals is of greatest concern in children & during pregnancy, because they can damage the brain & nervous system, causing developmental delays, learning & behavior problems, and more. But adults can also experience negative effects. For example, frequent lead exposure has been linked to immune system suppression, reproductive issues, kidney damage & hypertension.
Lead & cadmium are the 2 heavy metals that CR’s tests have found to be the most problematic in chocolate. Research indicates that lead + cadmium get into cocoa in different ways. For cadmium, it appears that the cocoa plant takes it up from the soil. Lead, however, can be deposited on the cocoa beans after harvest, potentially from dust & soil as beans dry outdoors. These metals are both found in the cocoa solids—which, along with cocoa butter, make up cacao. That’s why products rich in cocoa solids, such as dark chocolate & cocoa powder, tend to be higher in heavy metals.
How CR Tested Chocolate Products
We measured the amount of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in three samples of each food and averaged the results. None of the products posed a risk of arsenic or mercury exposure.
To assess the risk from lead and cadmium, we looked at whether a serving of each product would expose someone to California’s standard maximum allowable dose levels (MADL) for lead (0.5 micrograms per day) & cadmium (4.1 mcg per day) in food. Note that as part of a settlement to a lawsuit currently in place brought by As You Sow, an organization that pushes for corporate accountability, the vast majority of chocolate products sold in the state are subject to less stringent standards, while companies work to reduce the levels of metals in their chocolate products.
CR’s scientists measured heavy metal content against California’s standard levels because there are no federal limits for the amount of lead and cadmium most foods can contain, and they believe that California’s standard levels are the most protective available. However, our tests are not assessments of whether a product exceeds California’s or any other legal standard—they are meant to indicate which products had comparatively higher levels of heavy metals.
Our results are shown by category in the charts in each section below. We list the percentages of the standard MADL levels for lead & cadmium supplied in one serving of the foods. While both heavy metals increase the risk of serious health problems, products within each category are listed in order of lead level, because that heavy metal poses particular concerns & no amount of it is considered safe.
Dark Chocolate
When we tested dark chocolate bars last year, we found lead/cadmium levels above CR’s thresholds in 23 of 28 bars, or 82 percent of them. Our results this time were similar. Of the seven bars we tested, five, or 71 percent, were above our levels for lead, cadmium, or both.
Two bars—Divine 70% Deliciously Smooth Dark Chocolate and Sam’s Choice (Walmart) Dark Chocolate 85% Cocoa—fell below CR’s levels for both lead and cadmium, based on a serving of about 1 ounce. (The following bars also came in below our thresholds when we tested them last year: Ghirardelli Intense Dark Chocolate 86% Cacao, Ghirardelli Intense Dark Chocolate Twilight Delight 72% Cacao, Mast Organic Dark Chocolate 80% Cocoa, Taza Chocolate Organic Deliciously Dark Chocolate 70% Cacao, and Valrhona Abinao Dark Chocolate 85% Cacao.)
Eating an ounce of four others would put you over our limit for lead. The Perugina Premium Dark Chocolate bars had the highest amounts. One of the four, Evolved Signature Dark 72% Cacao Chocolate Bar was high in both lead and cadmium. Another bar, Sam’s Choice Dark Chocolate 72% Cocoa, was high in cadmium only.
Nestlé, which owns Perugina, told CR, “We apply strict standards to ensure our products are high quality and comply with all applicable regulatory requirements, including limits for cadmium and lead.” And Rick Gusmano, co-founder of Evolved Chocolate, said the company’s chocolate products fall well below levels set in the As You Sow settlement and that the company “regularly tests raw materials and finished goods to ensure compliance and, ultimately, consumer safety.” Other makers of dark chocolate with high levels of lead or cadmium did not respond to a request for comment.
Based on the manufacturer's recommended serving size of about 1oz - Ordered from lower to higher lead level.
*Sam's Choice (Walmart) Dark Chocolate 85% Cocoa: LEAD: 43% - CADMIUM 99%
*Divine 70% Deliciously Smooth Dark Chocolate: LEAD 80% - CADMIUM 41%
Milk Chocolate
Milk chocolate tends to be lower in heavy metals than dark chocolate because it has less cocoa solids. And in fact none of the five milk chocolate bars in our tests were over CR’s limit for either heavy metal. Hershey’s Milk Chocolate bar had the most lead, reaching 67 percent of CR’s limit. Feastables Mr. Beast Bar Milk Chocolate, with 80 percent of CR’s limit, had the most cadmium per serving. Lindt Classic Recipe Milk Chocolate Bar was the lowest overall, with one serving (about 1 ounce) containing 11 percent of the daily maximum amount of lead and 13 percent of the daily cadmium limit.
*Lindt Classic Recipe Milk Chocolate Bar: LEAD 11% - CADMIUM 13%
Chocolate Chips
None of these 12 products had high levels of cadmium, and only two—Hu Dark Chocolate Gems and Good & Gather (Target) Semi-Sweet Mini Chocolate Chips—were over CR’s limit for lead.
But there’s a caveat: The serving size for chocolate chips is just around ½ ounce (about 1tb)—the amount you might expect to get in a cookie or two, depending on the size of the cookie. If you’re the type that likes to eat more than a few cookies, or a handful of chips straight out of the bag, with many of these you could exceed the daily limits for both cadmium and lead by eating just two servings. Some good options for snacking that are relatively low in both heavy metals are 365 Whole Foods Market Semi-Sweet Chocolate Baking Chips, Kirkland Signature Semi-Sweet Chocolate Chips, and Nestlé Toll House Semi-Sweet Morsels.
A spokesperson for Hu told CR that our test results were in line with the company’s own testing, but added that those levels fall far below those set in the As You Sow lawsuit settlement. Target did not respond to a request for comment.
*Ghirardelli Premium Baking Bittersweet Chocolate Chips 60% Cacao: LEAD 29% - CADMIUM 57%
*Nestlé Toll House Semi-Sweet Morsels: LEAD 36% - CADMIUM 37%
Cocoa Powder
Cocoa powder is almost all cocoa solids, so you might expect that most would be too high in lead and cadmium, even in small amounts. But none of those we tested were high in cadmium, and only two had high levels of lead.
Most of the cocoa powders in our tests were natural-style—the kind most commonly available in the U.S.—and of those, a serving (1 tablespoon) of Hershey’s Cocoa Naturally Unsweetened 100% Cacao exceeded our lead limit.
Droste Cacao Powder was the only Dutch processed cocoa in our tests. This type of cocoa is alkalized to give it a less bitter taste. It was also the highest in lead of any product in our tests, supplying 324 percent of CR’s limit.
The best cocoa powder overall was Navitas Organics Organic Cacao Powder, which reached 77 percent of CR’s lead limit and 17 percent of the cadmium limit. Navitas has a third party test all finished products for heavy metals to ensure low levels, according to the company website.
Neither Droste nor Hershey responded to a request for comment.
*Navitas Organics Organic Cacao Powder: LEAD 77% - CADMIUM 17%
Hot Chocolate Mixes
These mixes contain cocoa powder plus sugar and other ingredients, so we expected that they would be relatively low in lead and cadmium. That’s not what we found. Four of the six mixes we tested exceeded our lead limit: Great Value (Walmart) Milk Chocolate Flavor Hot Cocoa Mix, had the highest levels, with mixes from Trader Joe’s and Nestlé (which also makes hot chocolate mix for Starbucks), above CR’s cutoff.
The Nestlé spokesperson said that the company stands by the safety of its products and that it works with its “suppliers on an ongoing basis to closely monitor and minimize the presence of these substances in our foods as much as possible.” Other makers of hot chocolate with high levels of lead did not respond to requests for comment.
*Ghirardelli Premium Hot Cocoa MixServing size 3Tb: LEAD 76% - CADMIUM 17%
*Swiss Miss Milk Chocolate Flavor Hot CocoaServing size 1 envelope: LEAD 80% - CADMIUM 13%
Brownie & Cake Mixes
These products fared well overall in our tests. None were high in cadmium, and just one brownie mix and two cake mixes exceeded CR’s lead limits—one by quite a bit. One serving of Bob’s Red Mill Gluten Free Chocolate Cake Mix had 216 percent. The heavy metal levels refer to the amounts of the mix that are in one serving of the finished cake or brownie. (We list the number of servings each mix makes in the charts below.)
However, the serving sizes are small. For instance, Duncan Hines Devil’s Food Cake mix makes a cake that the manufacturer says will serve 10. The company’s Double Fudge Brownie mix makes 20 servings. If your cake or brownie portions are more generous, keep in mind that you’ll be getting more lead and cadmium than we list here.
Bob’s Red Mill, Simple Mills & Ghirardelli did not respond to requests for comment.
Brownie Mix Results: *Betty Crocker Fudge Brownie Mix18 servings per box: LEAD 34% - CADMIUM 13%
Cake Mix Results: *Great Value (Walmart) Devil's Food Chocolate Cake Mix10 servings per box: LEAD - 52% - CADMIUM 23%